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A torque converter is a fluid coupling that is utilized so as to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, that is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is like a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a considerable difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most common type of torque converter used in car transmissions is the fluid coupling unit. In the 1920s there was likewise the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs for always changeable transmissions that can multiply torque. For example, the Variomatic is one type that has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an added element that is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout times of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating parts within a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the turbine and the impeller so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whichever condition and this is where the word stator begins from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been alterations which have been integrated sometimes. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is needed, adjustments to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of multiple stators and turbines. Each set has been meant to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples comprise the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter to be able to produce the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Different car converters consist of a lock-up clutch to be able to lessen heat and to enhance the cruising power and transmission effectiveness, even if it is not strictly component of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
